امونیا انو کی شکل _____ ہے؟
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A. None of these
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B. Tetrahedral
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C. Octahedral
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D. Pyramidal
Explanation
Ammonia (NH₃) has a trigonal pyramidal shape due to one lone pair on the nitrogen atom.
The molecular geometry results from sp³ hybridization and lone pair-bond pair repulsion.
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A. None of these
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B. Crystal Field Theory
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C. Ligand Field Theory
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D. Hybridization
Explanation
- In CH₄ (methane), the observed bond angles are 109.5°, which cannot be explained by pure p orbitals (which would give 90° angles).
- The concept of sp³ hybridization explains the tetrahedral geometry and 109.5° bond angles.
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A. sp^3 d
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B. None of these
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C. sp^2
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D. sp^3
Explanation
- In BH₃, boron forms three sigma bonds with hydrogen and has no lone pairs, leading to sp² hybridization.
- The molecular geometry is trigonal planar, with 120° bond angles.
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A. Linear, sp
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B. Tetrahedral, sp^3
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C. Trigonal planner, sp^2
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D. None of these
Explanation
- In BF₃, boron forms three sigma bonds with fluorine, adopting sp² hybridization.
- The molecular geometry is trigonal planar with a 120° bond angle.
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A. sp
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B. dsp2
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C. sp2
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D. sp3
Explanation
sp hybridization: When one s orbital and one p orbital mix, they form two sp hybrid orbitals.
These hybrid orbitals are oriented linearly (180 degrees apart) from each other.
This linear geometry is characteristic of molecules with only two electron groups around a central atom.
Examples include acetylene (C2H2) and carbon monoxide (CO).
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