Endocrinology | MCQs

Explanation

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone), also known as vasopressin.

It is released by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

ADH regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention and decreased urine production.

Explanation

The liver plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels by storing glucose as glycogen.

When levels are high and releasing glucose into the bloodstream when levels are low.

It helps maintain stable blood glucose levels, especially between meals and during fasting.

Explanation

HbA1c reflects long-term blood glucose levels.

Biguanides, such as Metformin, are commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes to help decrease HbA1c.

HbA1c lowering effect

1. Metformin: Typically reduces HbA1c by 1-2% (11-22 mmol/mol).

2. Sulfonylureas: May reduce HbA1c by 0.5-1.5% (5.5-16.5 mmol/mol).

3. Acarbose: Typically reduces HbA1c by 0.5-1% (5.5-11 mmol/mol).

Explanation

Somatotropin, also known as Growth Hormone (GH).

It plays a crucial role in regulating growth and development.

Excessive production of GH can lead to gigantism or acromegaly, while deficiency can result in dwarfism or growth hormone deficiency.

Explanation

The oxytocin reflex is also sometimes called the “letdown reflex” or the “milk ejection reflex”.

It is produced more quickly than prolactin.

It makes the milk that is already in the breast flow for the current feed, and helps the baby to get the milk easily.

Explanation

Glycagon is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pancreas (specifically, by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans) that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose and release it into the bloodstream.

Explanation

• Adrenaline requires a cell surface receptor for its action.
• Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, acts through cell surface receptors called adrenergic receptors to exert its physiological effects.

Explanation

• Pheochromocytoma the contraindication of Glucagon
• ***
• Glucagon is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to it or in patients with known pheochromocytoma.
  
• because glucagon may stimulate the release of catecholamines from the tumor, which may result in a sudden and marked increase in blood pressure.
  

Explanation

Calcitonin is a hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it.

Explanation

Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys