Explanation

Graham Edgar introduced the octane number concept in the 1920s to measure the anti-knocking quality of fuels.

He established iso-octane (100) and n-heptane (0) as reference points for rating fuels.

Explanation

 A device based on the photoelectric effect is called a photodiode. 

 A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into electrical current by absorbing photons and generating electron-hole pairs, essentially utilizing the photoelectric effect. 

Explanation

Approximately means means قریب یا قریب ، عین مطابق نہیں

More or less means کم و بیش

Explanation

Cobalt (Co) is a typical transition metal with partially filled d-orbitals, a key trait of transition elements.

It shows variable oxidation states and forms colored compounds—classic properties of transition metals.

Explanation

The third quartile (Q3) is the value below which 75% of the data falls.

Quartiles divide data into four equal parts, and Q3 marks the 75th percentile.

Additional Information:

Quartiles divide an ordered data set into four equal parts (quarters). We use subscript notation to label the quartiles: Q1, Q2, and Q3.

The first quartile, Q1, is 1/4 (or 25%) of the way through the data – the lower quartile.

The second quartile, Q2, is 1/2 (or 50%) of the way through the data – the median.

The third quartile, Q3, is 3/4 (or 75%) of the way through the data – the upper quartile.

Example data:

3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10

LQ (Q1): 4

Median (Q2): 5

UQ (Q3): 8

Explanation

Excitation energy is the energy needed for an electron to jump from its ground state to a higher energy level.

It is less than ionization energy, as the electron remains bound to the atom after excitation.

Explanation

Explanation

 The functional group present in aldehydes is the aldehyde group, which is represented as -CHO.

This group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) where the carbon atom is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. 

Explanation

Carbon monoxide has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen,

Meaning it binds to the hemoglobin molecule more readily,

Effectively prevents oxygen from binding and reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen. 

Explanation