Explanation

sp² hybridization involves one s and two p orbitals, forming three hybrid orbitals in a planar triangular (trigonal planar) shape.

The bond angles in this geometry are approximately 120°, seen in molecules like BF₃ or C₂H₄.

Explanation

A typical diffraction grating can have 400 to 50,000 lines per centimeter, depending on precision and application.

Higher line densities provide better spectral resolution for analyzing light.

Explanation

Manganese (Mn) shows a maximum oxidation state of +7, as seen in compounds like KMnO₄ (potassium permanganate).

This is higher than the maximum oxidation states of Cr (+6), P (+5), and S (+6).

Explanation

Knocking in an engine produces a sharp metallic sound due to premature combustion of the air-fuel mixture, which creates abnormal pressure waves.

Explanation

CONFIDENT (پُراعتماد)

Sure (یقینی)

Explanation

The common saying is: "Excess of everything is bad," meaning too much of anything can be harmful.

It emphasizes the value of balance and moderation in life.

Explanation

James Chadwick is known for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. 

Proton: Protons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford, before neutrons.

Electron: Electrons were discovered by J.J. Thomson, much earlier than protons or neutrons.

Positron: A positron is the antiparticle of an electron, and it was discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932. 

Explanation

The full proverb is: "A nod to the wise and a rod to the foolish."

It means a wise person understands gentle advice, while a fool needs strict discipline to learn.

Explanation

Transfusion of blood is: The process of transferring blood from one person to another.

Explanation

A thallus is a plant body not differentiated into true roots, stems, and leaves.

It is commonly found in algae, fungi, and some bryophytes.