Explanation

Primary hemorrhage in tonsillectomy refers to bleeding within the first 24 hours after the procedure and can be serious.

Contributing factors include:

• infection
• rough dissection
• fibrosis tonsils
• elevated blood pressure

Post-operative persistent cough is not typically considered a primary cause of primary hemorrhage.

Explanation

insulin therapy is the most appropriate choice for managing blood sugar levels in a pregnant woman with elevated levels

Insulin does not cross the placenta, making it a safe option for both the mother and the developing fetus

Additional information:

Acarbose: Acarbose is not commonly used during pregnancy due to limited safety data.

Biguanides: Although metformin (a biguanide) has been used in some cases of gestational diabetes

Sulfonylureas: Sulfonylureas are generally avoided during pregnancy due to the risk of hypoglycemia.

Explanation

Specific nuclear changes may be visible when cells are irreversibly injured and dying, including:

• pyknosis
• karyorrhexis
• karyolysis

If large numbers of cells die, tissue necrosis may occur.

Cell necrosis is usually recognized microscopically by changes in the nucleus.

These changes include swelling of the nucleus, which is followed by:

• condensation of the nuclear chromatin (pyknosis)
• finally by the dissolution of the nucleus (karyolysis)
  

Explanation

Sand flies belong to the order Diptera and possess wings, making them winged insects.

They are known for their small size and are vectors for various diseases, including leishmaniasis.

Explanation

Among the options provided, the condition that is commonly associated with long-standing cases of chronic suppurative otitis media is:

• Persistent tympanic membrane (T.M.) perforation
  

Chronic suppurative otitis media can lead to persistent perforation of the tympanic membrane,

which may fail to heal over time, especially in cases with repeated or chronic infections.

Explanation

Clostridium botulinum is particularly known for its potential to cause death due to the potency of its toxin.

Botulinum toxin blocks nerve function, leading to symptoms such as:

• muscle weakness
• paralysis,
• potentially fatal respiratory failure

While other organisms listed, such as Staphylococci, Shigella, and Vibrio cholera, can cause food poisoning and result in severe illness

Explanation

 Accurate regarding the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is The mucosal S-cell and plasma cell increase in UC.

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum, and histologically

There is typically an increase in inflammatory cells, including plasma cells, in the mucosal layer of the affected areas.

Explanation

The correct option regarding the P wave is It represents activation of the right atrium.

The P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents atrial depolarization

Typically starting from the sinoatrial (SA) node and spreading through the atria. Therefore, it reflects the activation of the atria, including the right atrium.

Explanation

Based on the examination findings provided, the presenting diameter of the fetus is likely the suboccipitofrontal diameter.

The suboccipitofrontal diameter refers to the diameter of the fetal head from the subocciput (the lowest point on the back of the head) to the center of the frontal bone.

In the occipitoanterior position, this diameter is the presenting diameter of the fetal head during labor.

Explanation

Surgery is the mainstay treatment for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma,

This tumor is a benign but locally aggressive vascular tumor that occurs predominantly in adolescent males.