Explanation

Complexities of scoring matching types of tests can be reduced by supplementing the matched items with four alternative items:

1. Increased Differentiation:

2. Enhanced Validity:

3. Scoring Consistency:

4. Reduced Ambiguity: 

Explanation

Al-Shafi'i (d. 820 CE) was a renowned Islamic scholar and jurist who developed the theory of "The Four Sources of Shariah" (الشرعية الأربعة):

1. Quran (القرآن)
2. Hadith (الحديث)
3. Ijma (الإجماع) - Consensus of the Muslim community
4. Qiyas (القياس) - Analogical reasoning

Explanation

Teacher-centered instruction is also known as "Direct Instruction."

Centered instruction includes:

1. Traditional Teaching: 

2. Direct Instruction: 

3. Lecture-Based Learning:

4. Recitation:

Explanation

"Growth" typically refers to a quantitative change related to measurement

 The relationship between growth and measurement includes:

1. Quantifiable Change:

2. Progress Over Time: 

3. Comparison and Evaluation:

4. Goal Achievement: 

Explanation

Tafsir (تفسير) is the Arabic term for the process of interpreting the Quran through various methods, including interpreting the Quran through itself, known as "Tafsir al-Quran bi-l-Quran" (تفسير القرآن بالقرآن).

This approach involves understanding a particular verse or passage by cross-referencing it with other relevant verses and passages within the Quran.

Explanation

Al-Mamun (786-833 CE) was the seventh Abbasid Caliph, who ruled from 813 to 833 CE.

He was a patron of learning and philosophy, and his court was renowned for its intellectual and cultural achievements.

Al-Mamun commissioned the translation of many Greek philosophical works into Arabic, including the works of Aristotle, Plato, and other prominent philosophers.

Explanation

Al-Shafaah (الشفاعة) is the Islamic concept of "Intercession" on the Day of Judgment.

It refers to the idea that certain individuals, such as prophets, saints, and martyrs, will intercede on behalf of sinners to Allah (God) to forgive their sins and grant them entry into Paradise.

Explanation

Hifz Al-Iman (حفظ الإيمان) is the Islamic concept of "Preservation of Faith" or "Protection of Faith".

It refers to the idea that Allah (God) protects and preserves the faith of a believer.

It ensuring that they remain on the right path and do not stray from the teachings of Islam.

Explanation

Al-Isharat, also known as "The Signs of the End of Time", refers to the Islamic concept of the indications or portents that signal the approaching end of the world and the Day of Judgment.

These signs are believed to be foretold by the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and are based on hadiths (his sayings and actions).

The Signs of the End of Time include events such as:

• The appearance of the Dajjal (Antichrist)
• The descent of Jesus Christ (Isa)
• The rise of the Mahdi (a righteous leader)
• The emergence of the Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Gog and Magog)
• The sinking of the earth in the East and West
• The appearance of the smoke
• The rising of the sun from the West

Explanation

Al-Khulafa Al-Rashidun (الخلفاء الراشدون) is the Islamic term for the "Rightly Guided Caliphs", who were the first four caliphs in Islamic history.

They are considered to be the most righteous and virtuous leaders in Islamic history, and their reign is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of Islam.

The four Rightly Guided Caliphs are:

• Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (632-634 CE)
• Umar ibn al-Khattab (634-644 CE)
• Uthman ibn Affan (644-656 CE)
• Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661 CE)