Explanation

Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic.

Bertrand Russell believed that punishment alone is not an effective method to correct unhealthy habits in children.

He emphasized understanding, reasoning, and proper guidance instead of strict punishment.

Explanation

A standard score (like a z-score or IQ score) indicates how far a value is from the mean, based on the standard deviation.

It is often presented on a scale with a mean of 100 and helps in comparing scores across different tests or populations.

Explanation

Erik Erikson proposed the psychosocial development theory, where each stage of life involves a specific conflict.

The way a person resolves each conflict shapes their personality and psychological growth.

Explanation

Humility refers to being aware of one’s own limitations and approaching teaching with an open mind, fostering a democratic classroom environment.

It encourages teachers to be receptive to students' ideas and to avoid being overly authoritarian.

Explanation

In the speech method, the teacher delivers content in one direction—from teacher to students—without interactive feedback.

This method is mainly used for lectures or presentations where students passively receive information.

Explanation

Horseshoe design combines both circle and row formats, creating a semi-circular arrangement ideal for group discussions, assignments, and lectures.

It facilitates interaction while maintaining focus, with participants seated in a shape that promotes engagement.

Explanation

Backward Conditioning occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented after the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) or during its presentation.

It is considered less effective in creating strong conditioning compared to other types.

Explanation

Non-formal education is often delivered through flexible, distance-learning methods, where learners can study independently.

It provides opportunities for education outside traditional classroom settings, often aimed at adults or specific community groups.

Explanation

John Dewey was an American philosopher.

John Dewey believed that education is inherently social, emphasizing that learning occurs through interaction with others in a community setting.

He viewed education as a process that prepares individuals to engage meaningfully in society.

Explanation

The Concept Attainment Model involves learning through comparison, classification, and hypothesis testing based on examples.

The stages include confrontation with a task, inquiry, and transfer of knowledge to new situations.