Explanation

In a zero-order reaction, the rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of the reactants and is equal to the rate constant k.

The rate equation for a zero-order reaction is  Rate=k, where the rate of reaction is constant and does not change with varying concentrations of reactants. 

Explanation

PHRV (Polyhydroxyalkanoates) is a type of biodegradable polymer.

It is produced by microorganisms and can be broken down by natural processes, making it environmentally friendly compared to other polymers.

Explanation

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system remains constant.

According to the first law of thermodynamics, for an ideal gas, if the temperature is constant, the internal energy does not change.

Therefore, the change in internal energy is zero (ΔU = 0).

Explanation

It is estimated that about 99.9% of all species that have ever existed on Earth are now extinct.

This figure underscores the vast extent of extinction events throughout:

• Earth's history
• reflects the dynamic 
• often unstable nature of life on the planet.

The remaining 0.1% of species are the ones that are still extant today.

Explanation

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

This model illustrates the membrane as a dynamic and flexible structure with various proteins floating in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

Explanation

Jaws were absent in the class Ostracodermi.

Ostracoderms are an extinct group of jawless fish that lived in the Paleozoic era.

They are characterized by their armored bodies and lack of jaws, unlike later vertebrates that evolved jaws.

Explanation

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays) and Osteichthyes (bony fish) differ in several characteristics.

One key difference is the presence of spiracles.

Spiracles are small openings behind the eyes of some cartilaginous fish that allow water to pass over the gills when the mouth is closed.

Bony fish generally do not have spiracles.

Explanation

Dynamic range is the ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume.

It is often used in the context of signals, like sound and light.

In music, dynamic range describes the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music.

Explanation

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone.

It is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, with attached carbohydrate groups.

LH plays a crucial role in regulating the reproductive system, particularly in triggering ovulation in females and stimulating testosterone production in males.

It is not a steroid, peptide, or lipid, but specifically a glycoprotein.

Explanation

Chondrichthyes, which include sharks, rays, and skates, have a high concentration of urea in their blood.

This is due to their method of osmoregulation, which helps them maintain fluid balance in their often saline marine environments.