Explanation

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections, toxins, or other factors.

Insomnia affects sleep, malaria is a parasitic infection of the blood, and kidney issues affect the kidneys.

Explanation

A biome is a large region of the Earth's surface that is recognized by its specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.

Biomes are often defined by factors like temperature, precipitation, and geography, and they can be terrestrial (land-based) or aquatic (water-based).

Explanation

In an open circulatory system, blood bathes the tissues directly, flowing through spaces among tissues, such as sinuses or lacunae. This type of circulation is found in:

• Invertebrates like insects, mollusks, and crustaceans
• Some lower vertebrates like fish and amphibians

Explanation

• The correct sequence of classifying an organism is: Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
• This sequence is known as the taxonomic hierarchy or Linnaean system, developed by Carl Linnaeus.
• It categorizes living things from most general (Kingdom) to most specific (Species).

Explanation

• A pollutant is a substance or energy that causes pollution.
• It is an undesirable change to the environment.

Explanation

Immunization against hepatitis B also protects against hepatitis D (HDV) infection.

Hepatitis D virus can only infect individuals who are already infected with hepatitis B.

Therefore, vaccination against hepatitis B also prevents hepatitis D infection, as the hepatitis B surface antigen is necessary for the HDV to replicate.

Explanation

• Vitamin D serves as a hormone precursor, as it is converted into a hormone in the body.
• Cholesterol also serves as a precursor of vitamin D and steroid hormones.

Explanation

The pterygopalatine ganglion is most likely to be affected in a 64-year-old male presenting with dry eyes.

This ganglion is involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glands,

Which are responsible for tear production.

Dysfunction in this ganglion can lead to decreased lacrimal secretion and consequently dry eyes.

Explanation

The most common cause of an enlarged cardiac shadow on X-rays in children is often congenital heart disease.

This includes conditions such as:

• ventricular septal defect
• atrial septal defect
• patent ductus arteriosus

Explanation

Massive proteinuria, typically defined as excreting more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in the urine, is a hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome.

In this condition, the glomeruli in the kidneys become damaged

Leading to increased permeability to proteins

Resulting in their loss through the urine.

This leads to hypoalbuminemia, edema

Aand other complications associated with nephrotic syndrome.