Explanation

Aspirin should be avoided in patients with bleeding disorders

To prevent excessive bleeding and related complications.

Aspirin is an NSAID that inhibits platelet function.

In patients with bleeding disorders like hemophilia or von Willebrand disease

Aspirin can further reduce platelet function, increasing the risk of bleeding and worsening their condition.

Explanation

Massive proteinuria, typically defined as excreting more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in the urine, is a hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome.

In this condition, the glomeruli in the kidneys become damaged

Leading to increased permeability to proteins

Resulting in their loss through the urine.

This leads to hypoalbuminemia, edema

Aand other complications associated with nephrotic syndrome.

Explanation

A normal potassium level for adults is between 3.5 and 5.5 millimoles per liter (mmol/L).

Potassium level is high (also called hyperkalemia) when it goes above 5.5 mmol/L.

Explanation

Digoxin is the most readily absorbed oral cardiac glycoside.

It has a high oral bioavailability

Making it effective when administered orally for the treatment of various cardiac conditions.

Explanation

Neuroblastoma is one of the common childhood tumors.

It's a type of cancer that arises from immature nerve cells

Typically affects young children, usually before the age of 5.

Explanation

Ethambutol is known to be toxic to the eyes, potentially causing optic neuritis and vision changes, particularly affecting color vision.

Regular monitoring of visual acuity and color vision is recommended for patients taking ethambutol to detect any signs of ocular toxicity early.

Explanation

Pinworm infection (Enterobiasis) is suspected, a common parasitic infestation in children presenting with perianal itching and potential weight loss due to discomfort

The disorder is spread by swallowing or inhaling the tiny eggs of the pinworm.

Explanation

Magnesium sulfate is a drug commonly used to control fits (seizures) in a pregnant lady Particularly in cases of eclampsia and severe preeclampsia.

It acts as an anticonvulsant and helps prevent seizures in these conditions.

Explanation

Kayser–Fleischer (KF) rings are a common ophthalmologic finding in patients with Wilson disease.

They are caused by the deposition of copper in the Descemet's membrane of the cornea

And are typically observed through slit-lamp examination.

The presence of KF rings is an important diagnostic feature for Wilson's disease

A genetic disorder that leads to excessive accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues.

Explanation

Let's re-calculate the fluid requirement using the Parkland formula to confirm the fluid replacement for the first 12 hours.

The Parkland formula is:

Total fluid requirement in 24 hours = 4 x body weight in kg x % TBSA burned

For a 60 kg with 40% Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) burned:

1. Calculate the total fluid requirement for the first 24 hours:

Total fluid = 4 x 60 x 40

Total fluid = 9600 mL

2. Half of this amount is given in the first 8 hours.

3. The remaining fluid (4800ml) is given over the next 16 hours.

To find the fluid replacement for the first 12 hours:

First 8 hours: 4800 mL

Next 4 hours (which is one-fourth of the remaining 16 hours fluid)

Next 4 hours = 4800/4 = 1200 mL

Therefore, the total fluid replacement during the first 12 hours is:

First 8 hours + next 4 hours = 4800 mL + 1200mL = 6000 ML

So the fluid replacement during the first 12 hours for a burn patient weighing 60 kg and having 40% burns is 6000mL

$$Total fluid requirement in 24 hours=4×body weight in kg×%TBSA burnedTotal fluid requirement in 24 hours=4×body weight in kg×%TBSA burned