Explanation

The Mantoux test, also known as the tuberculin skin test

Primarily involves macrophages, which present the antigen to T cells

Leading to an inflammatory response.

This response is what causes the induration (swelling) at the test site.

Explanation

The Philadelphia chromosome, which is associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and some cases of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Typically detected through cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow samples.

Explanation

The primary lymphatic drainage of carcinoma of the ovary typically goes into the para-aortic lymph nodes

Due to the anatomical location and lymphatic pathways of the ovaries.

The para-aortic lymph nodes, also known as the lumbar lymph nodes

They are located near the aorta in the abdomen.

The lymphatic vessels from the ovaries converge and drain into the para-aortic lymph nodes, along with lymphatic vessels from other pelvic organs such as:

• the uterus
• fallopian tubes
• part of the vagina

Carcinoma of the ovary often spreads initially to nearby structures within the pelvis and abdomen.

Due to the close proximity of the ovaries to the para-aortic lymph nodes

And the pattern of lymphatic drainage in the pelvic region, metastatic cancer cells from the ovaries are likely to travel

Through the lymphatic vessels and reach the para-aortic lymph nodes.

Explanation

Kanamycin has a propensity to cause profound cochlear hair cell damage, marked high-frequency hearing loss, and complete deafness.

The damaging effect is primarily on the cochlea

While the vestibular system is usually spared injury.

Explanation

Sadh Belo is located in Sukkur, Sindh

It is an island in the Indus River 

The island is famous for Teerath Asthan (the biggest Hindu temple in Pakistan)

The temple was initially constructed in 1899 by the eighth gaddi nashin Sant Harnam Das

Explanation

Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis (RP) is also known as Caplan syndrome

It is swelling (inflammation) and scarring of the lungs.

It occurs in people with rheumatoid arthritis

Who has breathed in dust, such as from coal (coal worker's pneumoconiosis) or silica.

Explanation

The pterygopalatine ganglion is most likely to be affected in a 64-year-old male presenting with dry eyes.

This ganglion is involved in the parasympathetic innervation of the lacrimal glands,

Which are responsible for tear production.

Dysfunction in this ganglion can lead to decreased lacrimal secretion and consequently dry eyes.

Explanation

The most common cause of an enlarged cardiac shadow on X-rays in children is often congenital heart disease.

This includes conditions such as:

• ventricular septal defect
• atrial septal defect
• patent ductus arteriosus

Explanation

Massive proteinuria, typically defined as excreting more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in the urine, is a hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome.

In this condition, the glomeruli in the kidneys become damaged

Leading to increased permeability to proteins

Resulting in their loss through the urine.

This leads to hypoalbuminemia, edema

Aand other complications associated with nephrotic syndrome.

Explanation

Aspirin should be avoided in patients with bleeding disorders

To prevent excessive bleeding and related complications.

Aspirin is an NSAID that inhibits platelet function.

In patients with bleeding disorders like hemophilia or von Willebrand disease

Aspirin can further reduce platelet function, increasing the risk of bleeding and worsening their condition.