Explanation

Freud primarily focused on two instincts in his psychoanalytic theory of motivation: the life instinct (Eros) and the death instinct (Thanatos).

Explanation

• John Dewey's preferred definition of education was "Reconstruction of knowledge."
• He believed that education involved the active process of engaging with and reconstructing knowledge, rather than passively acquiring it.

Explanation

The evaluation used to find out deficiencies and difficulties before the curriculum development is Diagnostic evaluation.

This type of evaluation helps identify learners' needs, strengths, weaknesses, and potential obstacles before designing and implementing the curriculum.

Explanation

Economic factors, such as budget constraints and resource availability, sociological factors, including cultural norms and societal values, and scientific factors, such as advances in educational research and pedagogy, can all influence the design, implementation, and evaluation of curriculum.

Explanation

The main aim of education in Pakistan at the primary and secondary levels is often focused on the development and enhancement of students' abilities, including cognitive, social, emotional, and practical skills.

Explanation

The four basic components of a curriculum typically include:

1. Objectives: The desired learning outcomes or goals that the curriculum aims to achieve.
2. Content: The subject matter or topics covered in the curriculum.
3. Teaching methods: The instructional strategies and approaches used to facilitate learning.
4. Assessment: The methods and tools used to evaluate students' progress and achievement of the learning objectives.

Explanation

Wastage of resources, time, and work is prevented in administration by the function of budgeting.

Budgeting involves allocating resources efficiently and effectively to various activities and projects, thereby minimizing wastage.

Explanation

Variation in the scores of an individual from time to time is best judged by reliability techniques of test-retest reliability.

This method involves administering the same test to the same group of individuals on two separate occasions and then correlating the scores to assess the consistency of their performance over time.

Explanation

The use of many selected responses in a test can indeed provide good objectivity.

By offering multiple options for each question, it helps reduce potential bias and subjectivity in grading, as the answers are typically clear and objective.

Explanation

The steps in making a test typically include:

1. Defining objectives
2. Collecting context
3. Proper planning
4. Designing the test
5. Reviewing and revising
6. Administering the test
7. Analyzing results