Explanation

• Teeth are similar to bone and contain a mineralized matrix called Enamel.
• It is the hard, outer layer of teeth that protects them from decay and damage.

Explanation

Clostridium botulinum is particularly known for its potential to cause death due to the potency of its toxin.

Botulinum toxin blocks nerve function, leading to symptoms such as:

• muscle weakness
• paralysis,
• potentially fatal respiratory failure

While other organisms listed, such as Staphylococci, Shigella, and Vibrio cholera, can cause food poisoning and result in severe illness

Explanation

 Accurate regarding the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is The mucosal S-cell and plasma cell increase in UC.

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon and rectum, and histologically

There is typically an increase in inflammatory cells, including plasma cells, in the mucosal layer of the affected areas.

Explanation

The correct option regarding the P wave is It represents activation of the right atrium.

The P wave in an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents atrial depolarization

Typically starting from the sinoatrial (SA) node and spreading through the atria. Therefore, it reflects the activation of the atria, including the right atrium.

Explanation

Coagulation often precedes rapid sand filtration to aggregate fine particles into larger clumps for easier removal during the filtration process.

However, if coagulation is not required due to the absence of significant turbidity

it may be skipped, making it the step that doesn't belong in the sequence.

Steps in the purification of water using a rapid sand filter

1. Coagulation

2. Rapid mixing

3. Flocculation

4. Sedimentation and THEN

5. Filtration: using the rapid sand filter

Explanation

Root hairs increase the surface area of roots for efficient absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

They play a key role in anchoring the plant and facilitating nutrient uptake.

Explanation

1. The herpes virus capsid contains 162 capsomeres

. These capsomeres are arranged in an icosahedral shape, with 12 pentons (at the vertices) and 150 hexons (on the faces). 

Explanation

Programmed cell death is known as apoptosis.

It is a controlled process that allows the body to eliminate damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation.

Explanation

Saturation occurs when all active sites of the enzyme molecules are fully occupied by the substrate.

At this point, adding more substrate doesn't increase the reaction rate, as the enzyme is working at its maximum capacity (Vmax).

Explanation

Tertiary structure refers to the 3D folding of a protein, stabilized by interactions like disulphide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

Disulphide (S-S) linkages are covalent bonds formed between cysteine residues, specifically contributing to the protein's tertiary structure stability.