Explanation

Autumn leaves appear red and yellow because carotenoids are revealed.

This happens when chlorophyll breaks down in response to less sunlight.

Shown is a colour photograph of bright red and yellow flowers with green stems and leaves.

Explanation

Systematics deals with the identification and ranking of all plants.

It includes classification and nomenclature (naming) and enables the botanist to comprehend the broad range of plant diversity and evolution.

Explanation

Circinate vernation, a term in botany, describes the arrangement of young leaves in a coiled or spiralled manner, characteristic of fern fronds. This coiled structure, often resembling a crozier or fiddlehead, protects the tender growing tip of the leaf as it matures. 

Explanation

The living simple tissue that provides support to the growing parts of a plant is collenchyma.

Collenchyma is a simple permanent tissue.

The cells are thickened at the corners due to the deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

It provides mechanical support to the young, growing parts of the plant.

Explanation

Poaceae, also called Gramineae

It is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses

Explanation

Xylem and Phloem are specialized conducting tissues in vascular plants:

Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to other parts (unidirectional).

Phloem: Transports sugars (photosynthates) from leaves to other parts (bidirectional).

Explanation

The ecological role of fungi as decomposers is primarily paralleled by bacteria.

Both fungi and bacteria are essential decomposers in ecosystems,

Breaking down dead organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment.

While fungi are known for their ability to decompose complex organic materials like cellulose and lignin

Bacteria also play a crucial role in breaking down a wide range of substances.

Together, they form the core of the decomposition process,

Which is vital for nutrient cycling and maintaining ecosystem health

Explanation

 Coralline red algae are the type of algae that play a role in building coral reefs, along with coral animals.

These algae secrete and deposit calcium carbonate,

Which helps to cement the reef structure together

Explanation

Gymnosperms are plants with exposed seeds, and Gingko is a well-known example of this type of plant. 

Explanation

Bacteriophages are significantly smaller than the bacteria they infect, meaning the volume of a phage is roughly 1/1000 of the host cell's volume.