Explanation

• The Carboniferous period of coal deposition was approximately 300 million years ago.
• This period occurred from about 354 to 290 million years ago during the late Paleozoic Era.
• The term "Carboniferous" comes from England, in reference to the rich deposits of coal that occur there.
• These deposits of coal occur throughout northern Europe, Asia, and midwestern and eastern North America.

Explanation

Perinatal transmission refers to the transmission of a pathogen (such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite) from a mother to her infant during the perinatal period, which is the time period around birth, specifically:

• During pregnancy (in utero)
• During delivery (through contact with infected birth fluids or tissues)
• In the first few weeks after birth (through close contact or breastfeeding)

Explanation

Iron (Fe), Sodium (Na), and Calcium (Ca) are essential minerals required for bodily functions (e.g., hemoglobin, nerve transmission, bone health).

Iodine (I) is a trace element, not classified as a mineral, though it’s vital for thyroid function.

Explanation

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP (energy).

It occurs in mitochondria.

It provides energy for all cellular activities.

Explanation

Arthrobotrys is a soil-dwelling carnivorous fungus that traps and digests nematodes using specialized hyphal structures.

It plays a role in biological control of harmful soil pests.

Explanation

After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed, which contains the embryo and stored food.

The surrounding ovary turns into a fruit, while the ovule becomes the seed.

Explanation

Sori are clusters of sporangia found typically on the underside of fern leaves.

They play a key role in spore production and reproduction in ferns and other pteridophytes.

Explanation

The selective permeability of a membrane is primarily due to its lipid bilayer and the embedded proteins.

Lipids form the basic structure of the membrane, while proteins play roles in transport and signaling.

Explanation

When the etiology of a disease is unknown, the disease is termed idiopathic.

This term indicates that the cause of the disease cannot be determined despite investigation.

Explanation

Science is typically divided into four main categories:

1. Natural Sciences: Focus on the physical world and its phenomena.
2. Formal Sciences: Concerned with abstract systems and logical reasoning.
3. Social Sciences: Explore human behavior and societal structures.
4. Applied Sciences: Use scientific principles to solve practical problems and develop technology.