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• Plants (made of cellulose),
• Bacteria (peptidoglycan),
• Fungi (chitin).

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 Structures that have similar functions but evolved independently from different ancestral origins are called analogous structures. 

Explanation

Aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.

This action lowers pain (analgesic) and fever (antipyretic).

Explanation

Milk fever (hypocalcemia) commonly causes paresis (muscle weakness) immediately after calving in buffaloes and cows.

It results from low blood calcium levels due to sudden demand for milk production.

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Sharks, along with other cartilaginous fish-like rays, retain urea in their bodies as part of their osmoregulatory strategy.

This helps them maintain osmotic balance in marine environments by making their internal body fluids isotonic with the surrounding seawater. 

Explanation

Staphylococcus aureus commonly enters the bovine udder during milking through teat canal contamination.

It is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle due to its ability to persist in the udder.

Explanation

Blackleg is caused by Clostridium chauvoei, a bacterial infection that produces toxins leading to muscle necrosis.

It mainly affects young cattle.

It is characterized by sudden death and gas-filled swelling in muscles.