Explanation

• Chalk : Blackboard
•  Ink : Paper
• Chalk is used to write on the blackboard.
• Similarly, ink is used to write on paper.
  

Explanation

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted by mosquitoes (arthropods), hence it is an arboviral disease.

It is specifically a viral disease spread by insect vectors.

Explanation

The correct preposition to indicate cause of death due to illness is "of".

He died of fever.

وہ بخار سے مر گیا۔

Explanation

Cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, making them effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

They work similarly to penicillins, targeting peptidoglycan layer formation.

Explanation

Hemoglobinuria (presence of hemoglobin in urine due to intravascular hemolysis) is seen in:

Piroplasmosis (Babesiosis): Protozoan parasites destroy RBCs.

Bacillary hemoglobinuria (Caused by Clostridium haemolyticum): Toxins induce hemolysis.

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria (Nutritional): Hypophosphatemia leads to RBC fragility.

Exception

Black quarter (Caused by Clostridium chauvoei):

Primarily causes myonecrosis (muscle damage) and edema, not hemolysis or hemoglobinuria.

Key Point:

Black quarter affects muscles, while the others directly or indirectly cause RBC lysis.

Explanation

A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to mammalian red blood cells (RBCs).

It prevents osmotic swelling or shrinking of RBCs during intravenous use.

Explanation

Divergent means differing or conflicting, which fits the context of multiple opinions on giving bonuses.

Divergent means مختلف

Explanation

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection treated primarily with antibiotics.

Common drugs include doxycycline and rifampin to eliminate the bacteria.

Explanation

Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a non-specific indicator of inflammation or disease.

It is commonly elevated in tuberculosis, malignancies, and nephritis, among other conditions.

Explanation

Active immunity is developed when the body’s immune system responds to an infection by producing its own antibodies.

Passive immunity occurs through injection or transfer of antibodies, but active immunity requires antigen exposure.