Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, making them effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

They work similarly to penicillins, targeting peptidoglycan layer formation.

Explanation

Hemoglobinuria (presence of hemoglobin in urine due to intravascular hemolysis) is seen in:

Piroplasmosis (Babesiosis): Protozoan parasites destroy RBCs.

Bacillary hemoglobinuria (Caused by Clostridium haemolyticum): Toxins induce hemolysis.

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria (Nutritional): Hypophosphatemia leads to RBC fragility.

Exception

Black quarter (Caused by Clostridium chauvoei):

Primarily causes myonecrosis (muscle damage) and edema, not hemolysis or hemoglobinuria.

Key Point:

Black quarter affects muscles, while the others directly or indirectly cause RBC lysis.

Explanation

A 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to mammalian red blood cells (RBCs).

It prevents osmotic swelling or shrinking of RBCs during intravenous use.

Explanation

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection treated primarily with antibiotics.

Common drugs include doxycycline and rifampin to eliminate the bacteria.

Explanation

Increased Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is a non-specific indicator of inflammation or disease.

It is commonly elevated in tuberculosis, malignancies, and nephritis, among other conditions.

Explanation

Active immunity is developed when the body’s immune system responds to an infection by producing its own antibodies.

Passive immunity occurs through injection or transfer of antibodies, but active immunity requires antigen exposure.

Explanation