Explanation

Vitamin B₂ is a constituent of coenzymes.

Specifically in the form of FAD and FMN.

They are involved in redox reactions.

Explanation

Explanation

The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as the Developing-8.

It is a group of eight developing countries (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey) that focus on economic collaboration.

The 2023 summit emphasized digital transformation as a means to enhance trade, innovation, and economic growth among member nations.

Explanation

The Forbidden City is located in Beijing, China.

It was the imperial palace of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

It was built between 1406 and 1420 by the Yongle Emperor.

The last emperor of China, Puyi, was expelled from the Forbidden City in 1925.

It became a public museum in 1925.

Explanation

Explanation

Cephalosporins inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, making them effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

They work similarly to penicillins, targeting peptidoglycan layer formation.

Explanation

Hemoglobinuria (presence of hemoglobin in urine due to intravascular hemolysis) is seen in:

Piroplasmosis (Babesiosis): Protozoan parasites destroy RBCs.

Bacillary hemoglobinuria (Caused by Clostridium haemolyticum): Toxins induce hemolysis.

Post-parturient hemoglobinuria (Nutritional): Hypophosphatemia leads to RBC fragility.

Exception

Black quarter (Caused by Clostridium chauvoei):

Primarily causes myonecrosis (muscle damage) and edema, not hemolysis or hemoglobinuria.

Key Point:

Black quarter affects muscles, while the others directly or indirectly cause RBC lysis.

Explanation

Hingol National Park is the largest national park in Pakistan, located in the Makran coastal region.

The park covers an area of about 6,100 square kilometres (2,400 sq mi).

It is located 190 km from Karachi in the three districts of Gwadar, Lasbela and Awaran in Balochistan.

Hingol was declared a national park in 1988.

Explanation

Explanation