Explanation

Calcium oxalate accounts for ~70% of kidney stones, forming crystals when urine is concentrated.

It results from high oxalate intake (e.g., spinach, nuts) or metabolic imbalances.

Explanation

Cardinal directions are the four main directions:

1. North
2. South
3. East
4. West

Northeast is an intercardinal (or ordinal) direction, not a cardinal one.

Explanation

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores and transfers energy released in catabolism to drive anabolic reactions.

It acts as the main energy currency of the cell.

Explanation

The equation of continuity A₁V₁ = A₂V₂ represents the conservation of mass in fluid flow.

The constant is equal to the Volume flow rate, which is the volume of fluid passing through a given area per unit time.

Explanation

BF₃ (Boron trifluoride) is an electron-deficient molecule because boron has only 6 valence electrons after bonding, which is less than the stable octet.

It tends to accept a lone pair from other atoms to complete its octet, making it a Lewis acid.

Explanation

Potash mica (also known as muscovite) is an aluminum silicate mineral containing potassium.

It is a significant source of aluminum in silicate form.

Explanation

Reflex actions are rapid, involuntary responses controlled by the spinal cord, a part of the central nervous system (CNS).

The brain may be informed, but the action is completed via the spinal reflex arc.

Explanation

Rose is a dicot plant, meaning it has two seed leaves (cotyledons) in its seed.

Maize and Bamboo are monocots, having only one seed leaf.

Explanation

The number of different types of gametes is calculated using the formula 2ⁿ, where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs.

In genotype AaBb, there are 2 heterozygous pairs (A/a and B/b), so 2² = 4 types of gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab.

Explanation

Charge is quantized and exists in discrete amounts.

The smallest possible charge is that of a single electron or proton, which is 1.6 × 10−¹⁹C.