Explanation

There is a small hill in Takht Bhai. Its altitude is about one thousand feet from the ground level.

On its sides, there are relics of the Buddhist period. We wanted to see these old ruins. We climbed up the hill and visited the monastery and its empty bails and cells. These ruins were more than three thousand years old. We sat in the cells for a long time. We felt peace and serenity there.

Q: Altitude of a hill is its______?

Ans: Height

Q: Ruins are ___________ of something destroyed and decayed.

Ans: Remains

Q: Halls and cells are ______ of different sizes.

Ans: Rooms

Explanation

Comprehensive passage 

The computer is an electronic device. It takes instructions from the user. The first computer was invented in about 1942. It works like a human brain but its memory is much more than that of a human brain. The computer is a fast device. It can perform a large number of calculations in a few seconds. Communication is possible within seconds anywhere in the world. Information technology is possible only due to computers. Computers are needed in almost every field of life and are playing 

When was the computer invented?

A. In 1932

B. In 1942

C. In 1946

D. In 1952

 What does the term CPU stand for?

A. Central Processing Unit

B. Central Progressing Unit

C. Central Proposing Unit

D. Chief Processing Unit

What is the function of key board?

A. To show data

B. To give prints of the documents

C. Give instructions to the computer for processing

D. none of the above

Which is the following is part of a computer?

A. Motherboard 

B. Processer

C, Ram

D. Keyboard

Explanation

Read the Passage carefully and answer the following Questions:-

As far as industrial pollution is concerned, while a commendable job has been done by the Department of environment in making environmental impact assessment studies and ensuring that new big industries have built-in systems for pollution abatement and control, the problem of controlling pollution caused by small new units and existing plants has so far eluded solution.

The 1986 Act has undoubtedly given greater legal powers to State Pollution Boards and other concerned authorities to penalize offenders. However, it must be recognized that punitive action alone will not suffice. If we are serious about controlling industrial pollution, the carrot must be used along with the stick.

Questions:

To control industrial pollution

(a) existing plants without pollution abatement and control systems should be closed down.

(b) no new small units should be allowed to come up.

(c) no new big industries should be allowed to come up.

(d)only such new big industries should be allowed to come up that have built-in-systems for pollution control.

Questions:

 The problem of controlling industrial pollution remains unsolved because

 (a) offenders are not punished.

(b) State Pollution Boards and other concerned authorities haven’t got sufficient legal powers to deal with the offenders.

(c) the problem has not been dealt with in a comprehensive manner.

(d) the industrialists are not cooperating with the government.

Questions:

On the whole, industrial pollution can be controlled only when

A. State Pollution Boards and other concerned authorities are given more legal powers to deal with the offenders

B. the policy of reward and punishment is introduced

C. no small units are allowed to come up

D. existing plants without pollution abatement and control systems are closed down

Explanation

Comprehensive paragraph: For an infant just beginning to interact with the surrounding world, it is imperative that he quickly become proficient in his native language. while developing a vocabulary and the ability to communicate using it is obviously an important step in this process, an infant must first be able to learn from the various streams of audible communication around him. To that end, during the course f even the first few months of development, an infant will begin to "absorb" the rhythmic patterns and sequences of sounds that characterize his language and will begin to differentiate between the meanings of various pitch and stress changes. however, it is important to recognize that such learning does not take place in a vacuum. infants must confront these language acquisition challenges in an environment where, quite frequently, several streams of communication or noise are occurring simultaneously. Consider, for example, an infant being spoken to by his mother, Before he can learn from the nuances of his mother's speech, he must first separate that speech from the sounds of the dishwasher, the family dog, the bus stopping on the street outside, and quite possibly background noise in the form of speech: a newscaster on the television down the hall or siblings playing in an adjacent room. How exactly do infants wade through such a murky accumulation of audible stimuli? While most infants are capable of separating out two different voices despite the presence of additional, competing streams of sound, this capability is predicated upon several specific conditions, first, Infants are better able to learn from a particular speech stream when that voice is louder than any of the competing streams of background speech when voices are of equal amplitude, infants typically demonstrated little preference towards one stream or the other. Most likely, equally loud competing voice streams, for the intent, become combined into a single stream that necessarily contains unfamiliar patterns and sounds that can quite easily induce confusion. Secondly, an infant is more likely to a particular voice stream if it is perceived as more familiar than another stream. When an infant, for example, is presented with a voice stream delivered by an unfamiliar voice, usually he can easily separate out her voice from the distraction of the background stream. By using these simple yet important cues an infant can become quite adept at concentrating on a single single stream of communication and, therefore, capable of more quickly learning the invaluable characteristics and rules of his native language. 

Question:  

The word 'absorb' most nearly refers to:

 A) environmental awareness

 B) language aptitude 

C) Acquisition of Knowledge

 D) Intent perception 

 Question: 

The phrase 'predicated upon several specific conditions' is used by the author to suggest that: 

A) most infants have trouble separating out stimulant simultaneous streams of speech 

B) only in rare instances do these required conditions occur 

C) an infant's language acquisition ability is entirely dependent upon his environmental  

D) infants are not always able to learn from their surrounding environment 

Question:

 The author uses the word "necessarily order to suggest that: 

A) it is inevitable that two streams of speech are more confusing than one  

B) even adults can have trouble distinguishing between streams of equal volume 

C) infants always combine separate streams into a single sound 

D) an individual stream understandably changes character when mixed with another 

Question: 

 The example in the last paragraph is used to illustrate how: 

A) an Infant who spends little time with his parents would probably have trouble with language at which Language acquisition 

B) An infant in constant vocal interaction with his parent could experience accelerated language acquisition 

 C) Eliminating familiar voices from an infants environment can facilitate language acquisition 

D) NONE

Question: 

Then a meteor collides with the Earth's environment the resulting friction causes the meteor to heat up and partially vaporize. its Luminous vapor trail that lasts for a few seconds. A meteor that reaches the Earth's surface is called Meteorite. Meteorites are Extremely valuable to scientists because they are samples of the actual cosmetic material The main topic of the passage A) Vaporization of the Meteor 

B) The Earth's atmosphere 

C) Meteor and meteorite  

D) Scientist concern: the cosmetic material

ND5-07-2023

Explanation

Read the following passage and choose the best answer

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well-defined and listed in standard dictionaries.

Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a  language and used in informal speech or writing but are not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang,  however,  refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.

It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, the association among the subgroups and the majority population. Finally, it is worth noting that the terms ''standard", "colloquial”, and "slang” exist only as abstract levels for scholars who study the language. Only a tiny number of speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

***********

Question: Which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?

A. Standard speech.   

B. Idiomatic phrases.

C. Dictionary usage.   

D. Different types of vocabulary.

***

The word " appropriate" could best be replaced by:

A.old  

B. correct  

C.important  

D.large

********

The author mentions all of the following as requirements for slang expressions to be created EXPECT:

A.a number of linguists   

B. a new generation

C. interaction among diverse groups  

D. new situations

***

How is slang defined by the author?

A: words and phrases accepted by the majority for formal usage

B: words and phrases understood by the majority but not found in standard dictionaries

C: words aand phrases that are understood by a restricted group of speakers

D: words and phrases understood by a large number of speaker but not accepted as formal usage

Explanation

Comprehensive paragraph:

The supervisor would have to change his attitude towards people first. The staff under him must be perceived as human beings with feelings and needs. They are not automatons within a complex work machinery. One of the greatest needs of today's worker is to have a feeling that he is in control of his workplace and not vice-versa. The best way is to satisfy this need as far as possible. He must feel first, that his work is meaningful. To do this the supervisor must delegate responsibility and limited authority for the man to execute his job well. The subordinate must be properly trained to assume responsibility and authority. Once he is ready to assume these he can be made accountable for his job. Very often supervisors assume all responsibility and accountability for fear of losing control of the workplace. This makes workers under him pawns in a vast chessboard. Delegating accountability gives the worker a purpose in life and the need to do a job well. Most important is to sit with each worker and chalk out common objectives and agreed norms to achieve them. This gives workers security as to what is expected of them. When he has met his objectives he certainly has a feeling of achievement. This feeling of achievement is the greatest motivator

Question:

1: A human attitude on the part of the supervisor towards his staff is necessary to

(a) get them to work

(b) keep them happy

(c) have a congenial atmosphere at the workplace

(d) get the best out of them

Question:

2:  Responsibility and accountability make a worker

(a) shirk his duties

(b) do his job properly

(c) tense and frightened

(d) vulnerable before his supervisors

Question:

3: Supervisors do not delegate responsibility and authority to their subordinates because

(a) subordinates are not capable enough

(b) they can't trust their subordinates

(c) they are apprehensive of losing their hold on the place of work

(d) the final responsibility is theirs

Question:

4. Orientation of subordinates on common objectives and how to achieve them is

(a) not very important

(b) a must

(c) not at all necessary

(d) optional

Question:

5. The greatest motivator is

(a) a good supervisor

(b) a good environment

(c) a sense of security

(d) fulfillment of purpose

ND5-07-2023

Explanation

Passage:

The first murder ever committed in the United States occurred in September 1630, shortly after the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts. John Billington was the father of two sons, one of the first to settle in the new Plymouth Colony near what is today Boston, and one of the people who signed the Mayflower Compact—and he was also the colony’s first murderer. Billington, in fact, was the first person to commit any crime in the colony, as far as we know today. He was also the first to be executed by the state in the New World. Billington’s crime was to shoot a man named John Newcomen, for reasons which are lost to history. But Billington’s problems had not begun on the soil of North America. He and his sons had nearly caused a mutiny aboard the Mayflower during the arduous trip across the ocean. One of his sons, in fact, fired his gun aboard the Mayflower—near an open keg of gunpowder! The flash from the gun could easily have ignited the powder, which would probably have sunk the ship. Once in Plymouth Colony, Billington’s behavior did not improve. He refused to serve any form of military duty under the leadership of Miles Standish, a duty that was seen by the colonists as part of every man’s responsibilities in the New World. He was later implicated in a plot to overthrow the entire leadership of Plymouth Colony, but a lack of evidence prompted the town’s leaders to let him go free. In the end, Billington’s rebellious and angry nature caught up with him. He was found guilty of the murder of John Newcomen and died in disgrace on the gallows.

Question:

 Based on the information in the passage, which of the following best describes John Billington? (LITERAL)

a. quiet and shy

b. angry and rebellious

c. clever and amusing

d. bold and patriotic 

Question:

Which of the following is NOT true of John Billington, according to the passage? (LITERAL)

a. He had two sons.

b. He served in the military under Miles Standish.

c. He tried to lead a mutiny.

d. He attempted to overthrow the government.

Question:

The nearest meaning of the underlined word arduous, as used in the passage, is? (INFERENTIAL)

a. difficult.

b. simple.

c. long.

d. stormy.

Question:

Why didn’t the leaders of Plymouth Colony punish Billington for rebelling against their authority? (LITERAL)

a. He was not guilty.

b. Billington was Miles Standish’s nephew.

c. He had two sons who needed him.

d. They didn’t have enough evidence. 

Question:

A good title for this passage would be (CRITICAL)

a. A History of Plymouth Colony.

b. The Injustices of Miles Standish.

c. America’s First Murderer.

d. Early American Legal Battles. 

Explanation

Speech is a great blessing but it can it can also be a great curse; for while it helps us to make our intentions and desires known to our fellows, it can also, if we use it carelessly, make our attitude completely misunderstood. A slip of the tongue, the use of an unusual word, of an an ambiguous word, and so on, may create an enemy where we had hoped to win a friend. Again different classes of people use different vocabularies and the ordinary speech of an educated man may strike an uneducated listener as pompous. Unwillingly we may use a word that hears a different meaning to our listener from what it does to men of our own class. Thus speech is not a gift to use lightly without thought, but one which demand careful handling. Only a fool will express himself alike to all kinds and conditions of men. 

Q. The best way to win a friend is to avoid:

Ans: Ambiguity in speech 

Q: While talking to an uneducated, we should use:

Ans: His vocabulary 

Q: If one used the same style of the language with everyone, one would sound: 

Ans:  Foolish 

Q. A 'Slip of Tongue' means something said:

Ans: Unintentionally 

Q. Speech can be curse, because it can:

 Ans: Create misunderstanding

Explanation

"But I did not want to shoot the elephant, I watched him beating his bunch of grass against his knees, with that preoccupied grandmotherly air that elephants have. It seemed to me that I would be murdered to shoot, and I never wanted to (Somehow it always seems worse to kill a large animal). Besides, that was the best owner to be considered, But I had to act quickly. I turned to some experienced-looking caretakers who had been there when we arrived and asked them how the elephant had been behaving. They all said the same thing: he took no notice of you if you left him alone, but he might change."

"From the passage, it appears that the author was:

A. A worried man
B. Possessed with fear
C. Kind and considerate
D. An inexperienced hunter

Short Detail:

• According to the paragraph, the hunter hesitated to harm the elephant even in a difficult situation.

"The phrase 'Preoccupied Grandmotherly Air' signifies:

A. Calm, Dignified, and Affectionate Disposition
B. A very superior attitude
C. Pretending to be very busy
D. Being unconcerned

Short Detail:

• The phrase 'Preoccupied Grandmotherly Air' means like a caring Grandmother.

"The author did not want to shoot the elephant because he:

A. Did not find the elephant to be ferocious
B. Was afraid of it
C. Did not wish to kill an animal which was eating its meal
D. Did not have the experience of shooting a big animal

Short Detail:

• The elephant was calm and not looking dangerous, and the author felt that it would not be necessary to kill the elephant.

Explanation

Speech is a great blessing but it can it can also be a great curse; for while it helps us to make our intentions and desires known to our fellows, it can also, if we use it carelessly, make our attitude completely misunderstood. A slip of the tongue, the use of an unusual word, of an an ambiguous word, and so on, may create an enemy where we had hoped to win a friend. Again different classes of people use different vocabularies and the ordinary speech of an educated man may strike an uneducated listener as pompous. Unwillingly we may use a word that hears a different meaning to our listener from what it does to men of our own class. Thus speech is not a gift to use lightly without thought, but one which demand careful handling. Only a fool will express himself alike to all kinds and conditions of men. Q. A 'Slip of Tongue' means something said:

Q. The best way to win a friend is to avoid:

Ans: Ambiguity in speech 

Q: While talking to an uneducated, we should use:

Ans: His vocabulary 

Q: If one used the same style of the language with everyone, one would sound: 

Ans:  Foolish 

Q. A 'Slip of Tongue' means something said:

Ans: Unintentionally 

Q. Speech can be curse, because it can:

 Ans: Create misunderstanding