Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

For a 2n interface (e.g., grain boundary, phase boundary) to be stable, the free energy of formation (γ) must be negative.

This ensures that the interface is energetically favorable and can exist stably.

Explanation

Explanation

Explanation

Joseph Priestley invented soda water in 1767 by infusing water with carbon dioxide.

His method laid the foundation for carbonated beverages.

Explanation

The increase in the rate of reaction due to an increase in temperature is due to two main factors:

• Increased energy: As temperature increases, the particles gain kinetic energy, allowing them to move faster and collide more frequently.
• Successful collisions: The increased energy also leads to a greater likelihood of successful collisions, where the particles have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and react.

Explanation

In liquids, particles are quite close together and move with random motion throughout the container.

Particles move rapidly in all directions but collide with each other more frequently than gases due to shorter distances between particles.

With an increase in temperature, the particles move faster as they gain kinetic energy, resulting in increased collision rates and an increased rate of diffusion.

ND2-03-2023

Explanation

Aldol condensation can occur between two aldehydes, two ketones, or an aldehyde and a ketone if they have at least one α-hydrogen.

The reaction forms a β-hydroxy compound, which often dehydrates to an α,β-unsaturated product.