Explanation

• A molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the actual number and type of atoms in a molecule.
• It is a way to represent the composition of a molecule using symbols and numbers.

For example:

• Water: H2O (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom)

Explanation

Acidified potassium permanganate (KMnO4), acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and silver nitrate (AgNO3 (in the form of Tollens' reagent) can all oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids. 

Acidified KMnO4:

• A strong oxidizing agent that readily converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
• It changes color from purple to colorless during the reaction. 

Acidified K2Cr2O7:

• Also a strong oxidizing agent that can oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids.
• It changes color from orange to green during the reaction. 

AgNO3 (in Tollens' reagent):

• A milder oxidizing agent compared to the previous two, but still capable of oxidizing aldehydes.
• It gives a characteristic silver mirror precipitate when reacting with an aldehyde. 

Explanation

A liquid with very high vapour pressure boils at a lower temperature because it reaches atmospheric pressure more quickly.

Boiling occurs when vapour pressure equals external pressure — higher vapour pressure means this happens sooner.

Explanation

Explanation

Preservatives are used to prevent the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, and mold, in food.

They help to extend the shelf life of food products and prevent spoilage.

Preservatives can be found in meats, dairy products, baked goods, and beverages.

Explanation

In an electrochemical cell, reduction occurs at the cathode (positive electrode), where electrons are gained by the oxidized species, causing it to be reduced.

Meanwhile, oxidation occurs at the anode (negative electrode), where electrons are lost by the reduced species, causing it to be oxidized.

Explanation

Water (H₂O) forms strong and extensive hydrogen bonds 

Due to its two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs on oxygen.

Though HF forms strong individual bonds,

H₂O forms a dense hydrogen bonding network, making its bonding stronger overall.

Explanation

 The charge of cathode ray particles can be determined by passing them through oppositely charged plates. 

Cathode rays are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons.

When these rays pass through an electric field with oppositely charged plates

They are deflected towards the positively charged plate, demonstrating their negative charge. 

Explanation

Proteins and peptides, when hydrolyzed, break down into α-amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

In α-amino acids, the amino group (–NH₂) is attached to the α-carbon, the carbon next to the carboxyl group.

Explanation

Atomicity refers to the number of atoms present in a single molecule of an element or compound.

For example, O₂ has an atomicity of 2, while P₄ has an atomicity of 4.