Explanation

Mitochondrial DNA is the circular chromosome 

The mitochondrial genome is built of 16,569 DNA base pairs

The mtDNA is double-stranded.

It contains 37 genes that encode 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs.

These organelles, found in all eukaryotic cells, are the powerhouse of the cell.

Additional information:

The nuclear DNA is linear

The nuclear genome is made of 3.3 billion DNA base pairs.

Explanation

The ionosphere of the atmosphere helps in radio transmission.

The ionosphere is a critical link in the chain of Sun-Earth interactions.

This region is what makes radio communications possible.

This is the upper limit of our atmosphere.

It extends from the top of the thermosphere up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi).

Explanation

Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 to 300 megahertz,

with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meter.

ND17-7-2023

Explanation

Perhaps the most familiar example of resonance in everyday life is swinging on a playground swing.

The first push or pump sets the swing in motion.

Each subsequent push or pump is delivered at just the right time to increase the amplitude of swing.

Explanation

The –SH group is present in thiols. 

A thiol is a functional group where a sulfur atom is bonded to a hydrogen atom.

The -SH group is analogous to the -OH group in alcohols, except that sulfur replaces oxygen. 

Explanation

 Proteins are indeed large molecules that cannot pass through the pores of a dialysis membrane due to their size,

Allowing dialysis to be used for purification or buffer exchange by separating them from smaller molecules and ions. 

Explanation

A gas behaves non-ideally at low temperature and high pressure. 

At low temperatures, molecules have less kinetic energy,

Meaning they move more slowly and are more likely to experience intermolecular forces, which causes them to deviate from ideal behavior. High pressure also contributes to non-ideal behavior because the molecules are closer together, leading to increased interactions. 

Explanation

Molting (also spelled moulting) is the process by which insects shed their exoskeleton to grow.

This process:

Occurs only during the immature stages (larva or nymph).

Stops once the insect becomes an adult (mature) — the adult stage does not molt.

Explanation

 In a vertebrate, a reflex action is induced by a sensory nerve. 

A sensory nerve detects the stimulus, which triggers the signal to the spinal cord, leading to the motor neuron response in a reflex action. 

Explanation

The hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to enlarge at puberty is estrogen. 

During puberty, rising levels of estrogen in girls trigger the development of breast tissue by promoting the growth of the ductal system and the accumulation of fat tissue.