Explanation

Primary hemorrhage in tonsillectomy refers to bleeding within the first 24 hours after the procedure and can be serious.

Contributing factors include:

• infection
• rough dissection
• fibrosis tonsils
• elevated blood pressure

Post-operative persistent cough is not typically considered a primary cause of primary hemorrhage.

Explanation

Sand flies belong to the order Diptera and possess wings, making them winged insects.

They are known for their small size and are vectors for various diseases, including leishmaniasis.

Explanation

Among the options provided, the condition that is commonly associated with long-standing cases of chronic suppurative otitis media is:

• Persistent tympanic membrane (T.M.) perforation
  

Chronic suppurative otitis media can lead to persistent perforation of the tympanic membrane,

which may fail to heal over time, especially in cases with repeated or chronic infections.

Explanation

insulin therapy is the most appropriate choice for managing blood sugar levels in a pregnant woman with elevated levels

Insulin does not cross the placenta, making it a safe option for both the mother and the developing fetus

Additional information:

Acarbose: Acarbose is not commonly used during pregnancy due to limited safety data.

Biguanides: Although metformin (a biguanide) has been used in some cases of gestational diabetes

Sulfonylureas: Sulfonylureas are generally avoided during pregnancy due to the risk of hypoglycemia.

Explanation

Life expectancy at birth is an important indicator of a country's overall health status.

It takes into account various factors, such as"

• access to healthcare
• quality of life
• disease burden.

Explanation

Specific nuclear changes may be visible when cells are irreversibly injured and dying, including:

• pyknosis
• karyorrhexis
• karyolysis

If large numbers of cells die, tissue necrosis may occur.

Cell necrosis is usually recognized microscopically by changes in the nucleus.

These changes include swelling of the nucleus, which is followed by:

• condensation of the nuclear chromatin (pyknosis)
• finally by the dissolution of the nucleus (karyolysis)
  

Explanation

The correct term for heating milk to a high temperature for a short period to kill bacteria is indeed pasteurization.

This method, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO),

Helps ensure the safety of milk for consumption by reducing the microbial load while preserving its nutritional qualities.

Explanation

• Structure of DNA was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.
• They discovered the double-helix structure of DNA using X-ray crystallography data.
• Their discovery revealed the double-helix structure of DNA, where two complementary strands are twisted together with sugar and phosphate molecules, and the nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) pair in a specific manner.

Explanation

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels, which pump and circulate blood throughout the body.

It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and removes waste from body tissues.

Explanation

Apple is not a citrus fruit; it belongs to the Rosaceae family.

Citrus fruits like grapefruit and lemon belong to the Rutaceae family.

They are rich in vitamin C.