Explanation

Gallstones, mainly cholesterol gallstone formation, result from several physiological events such as:

• hepatic secretion of bile saturated with cholesterol
• nucleation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in the gall bladder
• impaired emptying of gall bladder contents.

Explanation

Solid wastes that are easily decomposed by decomposers, such as bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, are called biodegradable wastes.

Examples of biodegradable wastes include:

• Food waste
• Vegetable and fruit peels
• Paper and cardboard
• Human waste
• Animal waste

Explanation

Vitamin K is found in:

• Leafy green vegetables (like spinach, kale, and broccoli)
• Cruciferous vegetables (like cauliflower, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts)
• Fermented foods (like sauerkraut and kimchi)
• Some fruits (like blueberries, strawberries, and pineapple)

Explanation

Malabsorption due to a mucosal intestinal defect is commonly associated with celiac disease.

Even though celiac disease typically damages the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum), the entire small bowel can be affected.

This damage results in malabsorption of nutrients, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

Explanation

Fluorescent microscopy is not typically used for the direct detection of serum autoantibodies.

Instead, techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescence assays (IFA) using serum samples are more commonly employed.

Fluorescent microscopy is used for various purposes in medicine, particularly in the diagnosis and study of diseases.

Explanation

Chlamydial infection, especially if it leads to inflammation or scarring of the fallopian tubes, increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy.

This is because the scarring or damage to the fallopian tubes can hinder the normal passage of a fertilized egg from the fallopian tube to the uterus

Leading to the implantation of the embryo outside of the uterus

Typically in the fallopian tube (which is characteristic of ectopic pregnancy).

*

The other options listed do not directly increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy.

Explanation

The vocal cords are the most common site of lesion-causing hoarseness

The vocal cords are located within the larynx and are crucial for voice production.

When there's an issue with the vocal cords leads to hoarseness:

• inflammation
• nodules
• polyps, or paralysis

Explanation

The route through which food is directly introduced into the stomach or intestine is called the "enteral route."

“Enteral” means related to the intestines.

enteral route also known as tube feeding and enteral nutrition (EN)

They deliver nutrients directly to the stomach or intestines through a thin flexible tube.

It is administered through a nasogastric tube placed via the nose, or a percutaneous tube placed into the stomach (gastrostomy) or the small intestine (jejunostomy).

Explanation

• Turner's syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by a monosomy, where a person has only one copy of the X chromosome (45,X or 45,X0) instead of the usual two (46,XX or 46,XY).
• This results in a range of physical and developmental abnormalities.

Explanation

• Rennin (also known as Chymosin) is an enzyme produced in the stomach of ruminant mammals, such as cows, and is also present in the gastric juice of humans.
• It helps to coagulate milk by converting casein, a milk protein, into a gel-like substance, causing the milk to curdle.
• This process helps to slow down the digestion of milk and allows for better absorption of nutrients.