Explanation

Joseph Lister, also known as Baron Lister of Lyme Regis.

He was a British surgeon and medical scientist who founded antiseptic medicine and was a pioneer in preventive medicine.

Lister is also known as the "father of modern surgery".

Explanation

Mutualism is the association between two different species, known as symbionts, where both benefit from each other's presence and cannot survive without each other.

This intimate relationship is essential for the survival and success of both species.

Examples of mutualism include:

• Clownfish and sea anemone
• Coral and zooxanthellae
• Bees and flowers
• Humans and gut bacteria

Explanation

The gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males) are the target organs for both:

• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): stimulates follicular growth and maturation in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.
• LH (Luteinizing Hormone): triggers ovulation in the ovaries and testosterone production in the testes.

Explanation

Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed.

Due to damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate matter.

Explanation

The respiratory surface, where gas exchange occurs, is the alveoli.

Alveoli are tiny sacs located at the end of the bronchioles, deep in the lungs.

They provide a large surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

Explanation

Evaporation is the process by which molecules escape from the surface of a liquid to become vapor, even if the liquid is below its boiling point.

This occurs when some molecules have enough energy to break free from the surface tension of the liquid and turn into vapor.

Key Points:

• Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, causing bubbles to form and rise to the surface.
• Condensation is the process by which vapor is converted back into a liquid.
• Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids.

Explanation

Carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2.

It is also known as lime water to form a white precipitate of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which turns the solution milky:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O

This reaction is often used as a test for carbon dioxide.

Explanation

• Butter is a mixture of solid fat particles (solute) dissolved in liquid oil (solvent), making it a solid-liquid solution.
• This type of solution is also known as a sol or a gel.

Explanation

• Fluorine (F) has an atomic number of 9 and an electronic configuration of 1s² 2s² 2p⁵.
• To achieve a stable electronic configuration, two fluorine atoms share one electron each to form a covalent bond.
• Resulting in a configuration similar to that of neon (Ne), which is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶.

Explanation

• A hydrogen bond is a type of intermolecular force that arises between a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine).
• A hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
• This interaction is typically weak compared to covalent bonds.
• But it is strong enough to influence the physical and chemical properties of molecules.