By the time he was thirty, he ________ many tournaments.

won

had won

has had won

was winning

By the time he was thirty, he had won many tournaments."

جب وہ تیس سال کا تھا، اس نے بہت سے ٹورنامنٹ جیت لیے تھے۔"

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"had won" is used in this sentence to convey the past perfect tense.

This sentence, "By the time he was thirty" establishes a point in the past.

The action of winning tournaments ("had won") is placed before this past point in time