Explanation

• The term "Instructional Leadership" in educational supervision refers to "Principals and other school leaders promoting effective teaching and learning."
• It involves school leaders actively supporting and guiding teachers in improving instructional practices, curriculum development, and overall educational outcomes within the school.

Explanation

• A pretest is an assessment conducted before formal instruction begins.
• The teacher is using a pretest to evaluate the students existing knowledge and skills related to the upcoming instructional content.
• This helps the teacher tailor their teaching approach to the students current understanding and identify areas that may require more focus or clarification during the upcoming lessons.

Explanation

Norm-referenced supervision is a type of supervision in which the focus is on ensuring compliance with established policies, regulations, and norms.

Explanation

Holistic education is a philosophy that recognizes the importance of addressing all aspects of a child's development—physical, emotional, social, and intellectual.

Explanation

• Micro-teaching is an educational technique that provides teachers with a controlled and scaled-down environment to practice and refine their teaching skills.
• It involves delivering a short, focused lesson to a small group of peers or students while being observed and receiving feedback.
• The "micro" aspect allows teachers to concentrate on specific aspects of their teaching, such as lesson structure, questioning techniques, or classroom management.

Explanation

• According to Crow and Crow, the purpose of formal education is to empower students to achieve success and contribute positively to society.
• This perspective suggests that the primary goal of education is not only to enhance intellectual capabilities but also to cultivate skills, values, and behaviors that enable students to actively participate in and contribute to the betterment of their community and society at large.

Explanation

• When motivation is followed by a reward, it creates a positive reinforcement loop.
• The reward serves as a recognition or incentive, reinforcing the connection between effort and positive outcomes.

Explanation

• Naturalism in education focuses on the idea that learning is best achieved through direct experience with the natural world.
• It emphasizes hands-on, experiential learning in natural settings, encouraging students to explore and interact with their environment.