Explanation

An integrated circuit  is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece  of semiconductor material, usually silicon.

Large numbers of tiny MOSFETs  integrate into a small chip.

First generation  (1940 - 1956) vacuum tubes as a major piece of technology.

The  ENIAC  is an example of 1st generation computer.

Second generation (1956 - 1963) use of transistors .

Third generation (1964 - 1971) use of  Integrated circuits.

Explanation

Placoderms, Archeopteryx, and Therapsids are true fossils representing extinct organisms.

**Placoderms:** Ancient armored fish from the Devonian period, well-known for their fossilized remains.

**Archeopteryx:** A transitional fossil that shows characteristics of both dinosaurs and birds, marking a key step in avian evolution.

**Therapsids:** Synapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods, regarded as ancestors to mammals.

Explanation

Acoustic signals can be both easy and difficult to detect, depending on several factors:

Easy to detect – In open environments with minimal noise, acoustic signals (such as animal calls or sonar) travel efficiently and can be recognized easily.

Difficult to detect – In noisy or complex environments (such as dense forests or urban areas), background noise can interfere with signal clarity, making detection difficult.

Explanation

 Cyanobacteria are the only diazotrophs (nitrogen-fixing organisms)

That produces oxygen as a by-product of the photosynthetic process, and which must negotiate the inevitable presence of molecular oxygen with an essentially anaerobic enzyme.

Explanation

Explanation

 Xerophytes:

The dominant vegetation types are plants that are adapted to arid environments and can survive with minimal rainfall. 

Common Genera:

Grasses: Lasiurus, Cenchrus, Sporobolus, Cymbopogon, and Panicum. 

Shrubs: Suaeda, Capparis, Calligonum, Leptadenia, Salsola & Haloxylon. 

Trees: Prosopis, Tamarix, Zizyphus, and Acacia. 

Specific Plant Species:

Lana (Haloxylon salicornicum) 

Karir (Capparis aphylla) 

Phog (Calligonum polygonoides) 

Explanation

 Strict Natural Reserves are areas set aside for the protection of biodiversity and natural geological features, with very strict regulations prohibiting human activities to ensure minimal disturbance.

Explanation

 In IUCN categories, for a species to be considered "Vulnerable" based on the extent of occurrence (B1), the geographical range should be less than 20,000 square kilometers. 

Explanation

 Direct observation methods for tracking mammals have limitations, especially for nocturnal species.

Since these animals are active at night, low visibility makes it difficult to observe them directly.

Additionally, dense habitats and shy behavior further reduce the effectiveness of this method.

Explanation

 Tactile signals:

Involve the transmission of information through physical touch or contact. 

Examples of tactile signals:

Mating: Tactile signals play a role in courtship and mating rituals, like honeybee foraging through touch.