Explanation

• Gram atomic mass (GAM) is the atomic mass of an element expressed in grams.
• It represents the mass of one mole of atoms of that element.

Explanation

 A rotary kiln used in waste treatment (like incineration or cement production) typically has four zones:

   - Drying zone

   - Preheating zone

   - Combustion zone

   - Cooling zone

Explanation

 Though fluorine is more electronegative, chlorine has the highest electron affinity due to less electron-electron repulsion.

Explanation

 The crystal structures with a coordination number of 12 are Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) and Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP).

In these structures, each atom is surrounded by 12 other atoms. 

Explanation

CH₃MgBr is a Grignard reagent (a source of CH₃⁻ nucleophile).

CH₃O is shorthand for methanal (HCHO) or a methoxy group, depending on context.

Assuming the intended compound is an ester like methyl formate (HCOOCH₃), then:

CH₃MgBr reacts with an ester in two steps:

1. First addition forms a ketone.

2. The second addition gives a tertiary alcohol after hydrolysis.

So, the final product is a tertiary (3°) alcohol.

Explanation

Ferromagnetic materials are those that can retain their magnetization even after an external magnetic field is removed.

They are strongly attracted to magnets. Iron, nickel, and cobalt are all ferromagnetic materials.

Barium, on the other hand, is not ferromagnetic

It is classified as a diamagnetic material, meaning it weakly repels magnetic fields. 

Explanation

Acetylene reacts with one molecule of HCl to form vinyl chloride.

However, when excess HCl is added, the second molecule of HCl also reacts with the vinyl chloride, attaching both chlorine atoms to the same carbon atom, resulting in 1,1-dichloroethane. 

Explanation

Robert Hooke discovered the "cell wall" in 1665 when he observed dead cork cells under a microscope.

He named these small compartments "cells" because they reminded him of the rooms in a monastery.

The concept of "protoplast," which refers to the living contents of a cell, was discovered later. 

Explanation

An alkyl group is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane, and since the hydrogen atom is removed with one bonding electron, the resulting group has an unpaired electron, making it a radical. 

Explanation

 In cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons from the primary acceptor of Photosystem I (PSI) return to the cytochrome complex, specifically the cytochrome b6f complex, via ferredoxin (Fd)

.This process also involves plastoquinone (PQ) and plastocyanin (Pc) before the electrons return to PSI.