Explanation

The mantle is a feature of mussels and other mollusks, responsible for secreting the shell.

Explanation

Explanation

The phenomenon of refraction of light is the shift in the path of light as it travels from one medium to another

Explanation

The (reverse) saturation current of a p-n junction diode is the current caused by the diffusion of minority carriers

From the n-type/p-type regions (quasi-neutral regions) to the depletion region

Explanation

Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles in a given amount of solvent and not on the nature of the solute particles.

The four main colligative properties are:

• Vapor Pressure Lowering
• Boiling Point Elevation
• Freezing Point Depression
• Osmotic Pressure

Explanation

The use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals is commonly referred to as Gene pharming.

Gene pharming involves the genetic modification of farm animals to produce specific pharmaceutical products, such as:

• proteins or antibodies
• in their milk
• blood 
• other bodily fluids

Explanation

A vertebrate is an animal with a spinal cord surrounded by cartilage or bone.

  Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.

Explanation

The carbon-carbon (C-C) bond length in benzene is 1.39 Å (angstroms).

This bond length is intermediate between a single bond (typically around 1.54 Å) and a double bond (typically around 1.34 Å) due to the resonance structure of benzene

Where the electrons are delocalized over the six carbon atoms.

This delocalization results in a uniform bond length throughout the benzene ring.

Explanation

Humulin (human insulin) is produced using bacteria through recombinant DNA technology.

Explanation

In circular motion, the centripetal force  𝐹 required to keep an object moving in a circular path is given by the formula:

𝐹= 𝑚 𝑣^2/ 𝑟

Where:

m is the mass of the object,

v is the velocity of the object,

r is the radius of the circular path.

If the velocity v is doubled, the centripetal force becomes:

F ′ =  m(2v) ^2/r = 4mv ^2/r =4F

This means that if the velocity is doubled, the force will be four times the original, not twice or half the original.

Therefore, neither of the options provided is correct.