Explanation

Metaphase, one of the most critical stages in mitosis

Chromosomes are most compact in metaphase

When the centromeres of the chromosomes of all cells are aligned with the equator of the mitotic spindle.

Chromosomes are most easily visualized at this stage,

So metaphase is especially useful in cytogenetics.

Explanation

The organism that glows in the dark among the options provided is Omphalotus.

Omphalotus species, such as Omphalotus olearius (the jack-o'-lantern mushroom)

• They are known for their bioluminescence.
• The gills of these mushrooms can emit a greenish light in the dark.

*

Funana:

• This appears to be a misspelling
• does not correspond to any known bioluminescent organism.

Pleurotus:

• This is a genus of mushrooms that includes species like the oyster mushroom.
• While Pleurotus mushrooms are popular and edible,
• they are not known for bioluminescence.

Explanation

Yeast:

• Specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a type of yeast commonly used in baking bread.
• It ferments the sugars in the dough, producing carbon dioxide gas that makes the bread rise.

Pilobolus:

• This is a genus of fungi known for its ability to grow on herbivore dung.
• It is not typically associated with bread.
  

Puccinia:

• This is a genus of fungi known as rusts, which are plant pathogens.
• They are not associated with bread.

Explanation

A trait refers to an organism's physical characteristic, such as hair color or height.

Explanation

HIV is transmitted through infected blood and hypodermic syringes.

The virus can spread via contaminated needles, blood transfusions, and from mother to child.

It causing immunodeficiency in affected individuals.

Explanation

Respiration in Pseudomonas bacteria is aerobic.

These bacteria primarily use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor in their respiration process.

Although some species can also perform anaerobic respiration under certain conditions.

Explanation

• The scheme of glycolysis was given by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas.
• Hence it is also known as the EMP pathway.

Explanation

Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants that are not parasitic.

It commonly known as the trumpet vine or catalpa family.

Orobanchaceae, Cuscutaceae, and Loranthaceae—include plants that are known for their parasitic relationships

Explanation

The best way to detect the "lack of photosystem II" in these organisms is to test for liberation of O₂ in the light.

Photosystem II is crucial for oxygen evolution during photosynthesis, so its absence will result in no oxygen being released.

Explanation

When taxonomy is strengthened by incorporating data from semantides and non-semantides, it is called numerical taxonomy.

This approach uses quantitative data to classify and identify relationships among organisms.