Explanation

A normal fetal heart rate (FHR) usually ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm) in the in-utero period.

Note:

Normal ranges for FHR are 120 to 160 bpm.

Many international guidelines define ranges of 110 to 160 bpm which seem to be safe in daily practice.

Explanation

Indigestion (also known as dyspepsia) is a common condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, caused by:

• Eating too much or too quickly
• Consuming spicy or fatty foods
• Drinking alcohol or caffeine
• Stress

Explanation

• Incisor teeth are responsible for biting and cutting food into smaller pieces, making it easier to chew and swallow.
• They are located in the front of the mouth and are designed for cutting and snipping.

Explanation

The epididymis is a tube-like structure located behind each testicle where sperm cells are stored, matured, and nourished before being transported to the vas deferens and eventually ejaculated.

Explanation

An essential element is defined as a chemical element that is necessary for an organism to grow, develop, and maintain its physiological functions. Essential elements cannot be replaced by other elements, and they play specific roles in various biological processes.

The criteria for an element to be considered essential are:

• The element is required for growth and development.
• The element cannot be replaced by another element.
• The element has a specific biological function.

Therefore, the statement "The element is not required for growth and development" is the opposite of what defines an essential element, making it the correct answer.

Explanation

• The signaling pathway followed by T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation is: Autocrine signaling.
• In autocrine signaling, cells respond to substances that they themselves release. T-lymphocytes often produce and respond to their own cytokines during an immune response, which is a key aspect of autocrine signaling.

Explanation

The liver filters blood coming from the digestive tract, removing toxins and processing nutrients.

It then passes the cleaned blood to the rest of the body through the bloodstream.

Explanation

The backbone of DNA consists of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups, linked by phosphodiester bonds.

Key Information:

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone:

• Provides structural stability to the DNA double helix.
• Directionality: 5’ (phosphate) to 3’ (sugar) orientation.

Nitrogenous Bases (A, T, C, G):

• Attached to the sugar but not part of the backbone.
• Form hydrogen bonds to create base pairs (A-T, C-G).

Explanation

Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Children:

In children, insufficient thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) leads to cretinism, characterized by:

• Stunted physical growth (short stature).
• Delayed mental development (intellectual disability).

Explanation

Genetic Material in Viruses:

Viruses can have either DNA or RNA as their genetic material, but never both in the same virus.

Examples:

DNA viruses: Herpesvirus, Smallpox.

RNA viruses: HIV, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2.