Explanation

Calcium oxalate accounts for ~70% of kidney stones, forming crystals when urine is concentrated.

It results from high oxalate intake (e.g., spinach, nuts) or metabolic imbalances.

Explanation

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores and transfers energy released in catabolism to drive anabolic reactions.

It acts as the main energy currency of the cell.

Explanation

Amphibian eggs can be laid in the water (top) or on land in moist environments (bottom). 

Most females lay eggs in the water and the babies, called larvae or tadpoles, live in the water

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ND18-1-2023

Explanation

Pyrimidine: A nitrogenous base similar to benzene (a six-membered ring) and includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil as bases used for DNA or RNA.

Adenine is a purine nucleobase

Adenine, guanine, and cytosine are common nitrogenous bases present in both DNA and RNA

Explanation

Independent assortment of genes and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 during his studies of genetics in pea plants.

Explanation

Reflex actions are rapid, involuntary responses controlled by the spinal cord, a part of the central nervous system (CNS).

The brain may be informed, but the action is completed via the spinal reflex arc.

Explanation

Rose is a dicot plant, meaning it has two seed leaves (cotyledons) in its seed.

Maize and Bamboo are monocots, having only one seed leaf.

Explanation

The number of different types of gametes is calculated using the formula 2ⁿ, where n is the number of heterozygous gene pairs.

In genotype AaBb, there are 2 heterozygous pairs (A/a and B/b), so 2² = 4 types of gametes: AB, Ab, aB, ab.

Explanation

Industrial waste includes harmful chemicals and toxins dumped into rivers and lakes.

It is a major source of water pollution, harming aquatic life and contaminating drinking water.

Explanation

Lizards and snakes belong to the order Squamata, which is characterized by scaled reptiles.

This order includes both suborders: Lacertilia (lizards) and Serpentes (snakes).