Explanation

• If an opaque object is moved closer to the light source, the shadow gets bigger.
• This is because the light source appears larger and more intense from a closer distance, casting a larger shadow.

Explanation

The types of pollution are:

• Air Pollution: Harmful substances released into the air, like carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.
• Water Pollution: Contamination of water sources with pollutants such as industrial waste and sewage.
• Land Pollution: Degradation of land through activities like deforestation and improper waste disposal.

Explanation

Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some algae, responsible for photosynthesis.

The stroma is the semifluid protein-containing region within the chloroplast where light-dependent reactions occur.

Explanation

Bioenergetics is the process by which living organisms convert free energy into different forms.

Such as light energy to chemical energy in photosynthesis, or chemical energy from nutrients to kinetic energy in cellular respiration.

This conversion is essential for maintaining life and supporting various cellular activities.

Explanation

Centrioles are composed of 27 microtubules arranged in a specific pattern of nine triplets (9 x 3 = 27).

These microtubules are highly stable and form a rigid structure that plays a critical role in the formation of cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers during cell division.

Explanation

The resolution of a microscope is defined as the smallest distance between two points that can still be distinguished as separate.

The field of view of a microscope is defined as the largest distance between two points that can be observed simultaneously without moving the sample or the microscope.

Explanation

Protium (1H) is the lightest isotope of hydrogen, and it has no neutrons.

Its atomic nucleus consists of only one proton.

• Protons: 1
• Neutrons: 0
• Electrons: 1

Explanation

A turn ratio of 10 means that the secondary coil (Ns) has 10 times more turns than the primary coil (Np).

This is a step-up transformer, which increases the voltage and decreases the current.

Explanation

• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points on a wave that are in phase.
• It is typically denoted by the symbol λ (lambda).

Key Points:

• Time period (T) is the time taken by the wave to complete one oscillation.
• Frequency (f) is the number of oscillations per unit time.
• Amplitude (A) is the maximum displacement of the wave from its equilibrium position.

Explanation

Sodium carbonate is also known as washing soda.

It is commonly used to remove permanent hardness from water.

It reacts with calcium and magnesium ions, which are the causes of permanent hardness, to form precipitates that can be removed from the water.