Explanation

A state is made of four basic elements: Population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

1. Population: A group of people living within a defined territory.
2. Territory: A geographically defined area where the state exercises control.
3. Government: An organized system that governs the population.
4. Sovereignty: The supreme power within a territory, allowing the government to make and enforce laws independently. 

Explanation

Since y varies jointly as x and z:

y = kxz

Given y = 33 when x = 9 and z = 12:

33 = k * 9 * 12

33 = 108k

k = 33/108

k = 11/36

Now, find y when x = 16 and z = 22:

y = (11/36) * 16 * 22

y = (11 * 16 * 22) / 36

y = 3872 / 36

y = 968 / 9

Explanation

Lewis Terman conducted a famous longitudinal study beginning in the 1920s on intellectually gifted children, often referred to as “Termites.”

He expanded on Binet’s IQ test.

It was a pioneer in gifted education research in the U.S.

Explanation

Sputnik-2, launched by the Soviet Union on 3rd November 1957, weighed approximately 508 kilograms.

It carried Laika, the first living creature (a dog) to orbit Earth.

Explanation

A force is a vector quantity.

Force is requires both magnitude (strength) and direction to be fully described.

Explanation

In the double-touch method, opposite poles (north and south) of two magnets are rubbed on the material in opposite directions to magnetize it effectively.

This helps align more magnetic domains inside the material.

Explanation

"Even so" is used to introduce a contrasting statement or to show that the following idea still holds despite the previous one.

It fits here to imply that although the statement is accurate, further analysis is still required.

Explanation

A washing machine uses an electric motor to produce mechanical motion for spinning and agitating clothes.

This is a clear example of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Explanation

A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph.

"Dogs are loyal and helpful animals" provides a clear subject and idea to be discussed in the following sentences.

Explanation

ایسی زمین جسے محنت (مثلاً کنویں یا نہر کے ذریعے) سے سیراب کیا جائے، اس کی پیداوار پر زکوٰۃ بیسواں حصہ (%5) فرض ہے۔

اگر بارش یا خودبخود پانی سے سیراب ہو تو زکوٰۃ دسواں حصہ (%10) ہوتی ہے۔